The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria †An Archeological Perspective Essay Sample free essay sample

Ben was concentrating over the book. and he shortly started copying the image. â€Å"It lasted a thousand old ages and was 40 narratives tall. I bet if they sent frogmans down. they could still happen some balls of it. Why don’t they do that? † â€Å"I think they’ve tried. but the underside of the Mediterranean has been filled up with beds and beds of sand. silt. and what have you for all those old ages. † ( Page. 2003. p. 80 ) The Pharos at Alexandria was the tallest and most astonishing beacon of all time built by any state in any age – antediluvian or modern. Alexander the Great founded the brilliant metropolis of Alexandria on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egypt of 23 centuries ago. Not much of this ancient capital survives today. for its past glorification lies buried deep resistance. Under the Waterss of its seaport particularly. there lie gigantic hoarded wealths of a rich and varied yesteryear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria – An Archeological Perspective Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today. a few submerged archaeological sites accessible to visitants here offer recreational adventurers a whole new experience of sing ancient artefacts – in a manner no museum can ( Buckley 2002 ) . Naturally. there are even proposals to construct an underwater museum here. In these cloudy Waterss are found the leftovers of the Alexandria’s most dramatic memorial. â€Å"a tower on an island. of colossal tallness. built with astonishing plants. † as Julius Caesar one time described it. It was declared one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient universe. and was the latest building to be reckoned in this iconic list. For centuries this mighty marble and sandstone building astonished all who had the good luck to lay eyes on it — until a ruinous temblor brought it crumpling down. Today. the ruins of this brilliant ancient skyscraper prevarication buried in shallow Waterss. along with a host of other deep-set hoarded wealths. Alexandria’s greatest hoarded wealths lie 6-8m beneath the moving ridges. Out there are the amazing ruins of the Pharos of Alexandria – the beacon known as the Seventh Wonder of the World – Cleopatra’s castle. colossal columns and drowned rock Gods. ( Alexander. 2002 ) In 4th and 3rd centuries BC. during the reigns of Ptolemy I and his boy Ptolemy II. Alexandria developed into a great metropolis which became the gem of the Mediterranean. taking over from Athens as the commercial and cultural capital of the Grecian universe. Immigrants were recruited from all over the Grecian universe to the new metropolis. and shortly at that place evolved a assorted population of Greeks. native Egyptians. Jews. and other cultural groups. The first Ptolemies developed the layout of the metropolis ( based on a grid program around two chief crossing thoroughfares running the length of the ancient metropolis ) and raised some of its most celebrated constructions. An interesting ancient description of the metropolis is found in book 17 of the geographer Strabo. who visited Alexandria in 24 BC. Mention of it is besides made in Pliny’s Natural History. However. beyond such scattered literary beginnings extant today. our cognition of ancient Alexandria had been lim ited because the ancient metropolis has been continuously inhabited and built over. and small of its glorious heritage remains integral today. Further. Alexandria’s shoreline has sunk several metres since antiquity. submersing big countries of the original metropolis. Most significantly. the legendary ancient library of Alexandria which could hold provided us with plentifulness of relevant information was burnt during Muslim invasions during the mediaeval epoch. The seaports of the Hellenistic age were normally of huge size and incorporate program. The premier seaport of the period was the 1 at Alexandria. The program of this seaport is crowned by the celebrated Pharos. the visible radiation of which could allegedly be seen from about 50 kilometers off. There were two basins at Alexandria. the Great Harbor. which faced E. and the Eunostos. which faced west. The Great Harbor or the Eastern Harbor was formed by two rock moels ( one of which was 900 metres long ) . the tips of which were 600 thousand apart. though submerged obstructions reduced this gap to two entrywaies. 100 and 200 m broad. severally. Located on the level Nile Delta. the hustling port of Alexandria had no bluffs or other elevated natural characteristics to function as seamark for seamans. and that was the ground a Pharos was needed in the first topographic point. The building of it in the Eastern Harbor was started by Ptolemy I in 290 BC. After his decease. the undertaking was completed by Ptolemy II in 280 B. C. It was built at a astonishing cost and used a considerable sum of slave labour. It was the innovation of the Crane that allowed the building of both the Colossos of Rhodes and the Pharos beacon at Alexandria ( Kearney. 2004. 38 ) . The beacon was genuinely prodigious in graduated table. a wonder of ancient technology and one of the most legendary edifices in all of antiquity. standing anyplace between 360-ft to 450-ft high. It was likely constructed on the site of an earlier smaller beacon on the Pharos Island. In antiquity. the little offshore island of Pharos was connected to the mainland by a causeway. For over thousand old ages. the Pharos visible radiation guided ships in and out of Alexandria’s Potrus Magnus. the Eastern Harbor. This huge construction. lifting merely above the tallness of the Statue of Liberty. acted as a beacon to crewmans still some tonss of stat mis out to sea. and guided their class among the unreliable reefs that lay merely beyond the city’s seaports. This was accomplished by agencies of a fire which blazed at the acme during the dark and a mirror which reflected the sun’s beams by twenty-four hours. The mirror was besides used to magnify the visible radiation of the fire. and was largely likely made from a curving sheet of polished metal. Achilles Tatius likened the construction to â€Å"a mountain. about making the clouds. in the center of the sea. † Soldiers or slaves – the beacon keepers – tended Pharos’s immense fire in a great caldron on the tower’s top degree. make fulling the skies with bright fires and aglow fume. Although the scope of Pharos beacon was said to hold reached up to 50 kilometer. in all chance it could hold reached merely half that distance. and that excessively in just conditions conditions. However it had been sometimes claimed that it was even seeable a hundred or hundred and 50 kilometres out in the sea. like a superb star steering the class of seamans. Surely. this baronial construction must hold had a profound consequence on the consciousness of Alexandria’s dwellers. in the similar mode as Acropolis had on the citizens of Classical Athens. and the Eiffel Tower had on Parisians around the bend of the century. Pharos was more than a beacon. Every twenty-four hours it was crowded by visitants. Alexandrians every bit good as travellers from every corner of the universe. It was approached foremost through the Heptastadion at the entryway to Alexandria’s first-class seaport. a wall of solid granite that extended the length of seven bowls ( 1250m ) and connected the metropolis with Pharos Island ( Humphrey et al. 1998. 472 ) . The beacon consisted of three subdivisions. The base was of square building. the in-between part octagonal. and the top cylindrical. The construction was topped by the statue of Poseidon. the Grecian God of Sea. This towering construction was to be the paradigm of all beacons in the Roman imperium an d finally the full universe. For centuries. it majestically withstood the storms of tide and clip. The Pharos was described by many ancient writers and was depicted on coins of the Roman period. Writers and travellers from the medieval periods described the Pharos and the harm it received in consecutive temblors. Artists painted their notional constructs of it. The Frankish pilgrim. Arculf. gives us this prosaic history of the beacon ( ca. 680 ) : At the right-hand side of the port is a little island. on which there is a great tower which both Greeks and Latins called Farus because of its map. [ ‘Pharos’ subsequently became an etymological root for the word ‘lighthouse’ in many Romance linguistic communications. for illustration. in Gallic it is ‘phare’ ] . Voyagers can see it at a distance. so that before they approach the port. peculiarly at night-time. the combustion fire lets them cognize that the mainland adjoins them. lest they be deceived by the darkness and hit upon the stones. or lest they should be unable to acknowledge the bounds of the entryway. When Ibn al-Shaikh visited Pharos in 1165. it was no longer used as a beacon. though it was still in good form to a big extent. and a mosque stood at its really top ( Sarton. 1993. 28 ) . In the descriptions of ulterior Arab geographers the devastation wrought upon the great beacon by temblors featured conspicuously. From their Hagiographas we can besides garner that the Pharos had become a watchtower from which the endangering ships of the work forces of Byzantium might be seen. ( Due to a spiritual split. Egypt was divided from the the Byzantine Roman Empire. and subsequently on. it was occupied by the Arabs. ) An lettering found on one of its walls attests the engagement of Sostratus of Cnidus. who is most likely its designer. Forbidden by the Pharaoh to tie in his name with the tower. as was the tradition during those times. Sostratus carved his name on a tower wall. and so plastered over the lettering so as to carve the name of his employer Ptolemy on it. The builder justly assumed that the plaster would finally crumple away uncovering the name of Pharos’s true designer. Sostratus’ creative activity was wholly destroyed by the temblors of A. D. 1303 and 1323 ( Woods. 2000. 65 ) . The elephantine blocks of granite and marble toppled into the seaport and interfered with transportation for about a 100 old ages before a channel was cleared of the biggest pieces. Equally late as A. D. 1480. the stump of the tower still protruded from the Heptastadion. Around this clip. the Mamaluk grand Turk of Egypt built a fortress and palace at that place. utilizing the marble base of the fallen Pharos for walls. The 15th-century garrison of the Sultan Qait Bey today still stands on the site. For many old ages in Alexandria. narratives were told of fabulous statues and engraved blocks scattered across the sea floor merely outside the Eastern Harbor. However. for a long clip the country was a military zone and considered off-limits to scientific probe. Merely in the 1990’s submerged diggings were carried out near the garrison. uncovering major remains of the mighty Pharos. In 1960. Kemal Abul-Saadat. a immature frogman seeking for fish at a deepness of 24 pess. spotted fragments of an huge statue. one entirely mensurating more than 20 pess long. Egyptian naval frogmans. together with experts from Alexandria’s Greco-Roman Museum. were summoned to the country and after careful scrutiny verified the immature man’s study. reasoning that the immense subdivision of the sculpture was a fragment of the colossal statue of Poseidon that rested for centuries on the top of Pharos beacon. Returning to the site one time once more. the Egyptian frogmans and bookmans discovered a smaller statue. several columns. and a ample sphinx. However. the unsmooth seas prevented them from retrieving more of the fallen antiquities. and because of the clay and silt at the sea’s underside. they were unable to take any exposure. In 1968. the Egyptian authorities. via UNESCO. invited Honor Frost to analyze the site believed to be the remains of the Pharos beacon. Frost enlisted the aid of Abul-Saadat ; the latter by now knew of 100s of submersed archaeological remains in Alexandria’s Waterss. drew maps of the Eastern Harbor. specifying the site of Antirhodos Island and the archaeological remains around Cape Lochias outside the seaport. Together. they examined the site and gave a list of 17 different points located at that place. Frost noted that such grounds would be multiplied a hundred-fold through a large-scale complete study. But this would non happen until 1994. In 1986. nevertheless. the Gallic naval forces. in cooperation with La SOciete FRancaise d’Archeologie Sous-marine ( SOFRAS ) with support from Electricite de France ( EDF ) . salvaged the shipwrecks of Napoleon’s fleet in Abu-Qir Bay. Objects such as cannon. military costumes. utensils for day-to-day usage. and coins were salvaged from the site. However. except for the stray SOFRAS expedition and one or two other major events. the development of Egyptian maritime archaeology mostly remained inactive until April 1994. when the Centre d’Etudes Alexandrines ( CEA ) . directed by Jean-Yves Empereur. decided to finish the Pharos studies begun by Abul-Saadat and Frost. At the same clip. the Institute of Nautical Archeology ( INA ) established a lasting subdivision in Alexandria. under the way of its research associates Cheryl Ward and Douglas Haldane. INA besides established Egyptian Institute of Underwater Archeology in Alexandria. Fortunately. merely the old twelvemonth. in 1993. the Egyptian archaeological and preservation organisation SCA ( Supreme Council of Antiquities ( SCA ) . once the Egyptian Antiquities Organization ( EAO ) stopped a undertaking adopted by the Egyptian Coasts Protection Agency to protect Fort Qaitbay from moving ridges and marine factors. The undertaking proposed throwing 2-ton concrete blocks of the garrison to weaken wave action and protect the fort’s walls. which would hold spelled catastrophe for 100s of submersed archaeological remains near the garrison. In the autumn 1994. a squad of CEA archaeologists. in cooperation with the SCA. began an extended study to find the extent of the Pharos site. and the figure. size. and importance of the pieces. As with any archaeological site. plotting a elaborate. accurate map was a necessity. The cartography for Pharos has been an particularly ambitious undertaking. The field of ruins is one of the largest submerged archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. widening over 2. 25 hectares at a depth 6-18 m. Further. pieces frequently lie on top of one another in the sea H2O. To map the site efficaciously. the squad meticulously created a elaborate database. utilizing fresh methodological analysiss. Thankss to the computerized. methodical function of this portion of the seaport. Empereur and his squad have identified more than 2. 500 artefact of archaeological involvement scattered over a broad country. found along with hulls of Greek and Roman ships. as of 2002. Ruins of six monolithic giant. stand foring three twosomes of Ptolemy and his queen. which could hold stood at the base of the Pharos. are besides found here. But it took backbreaking work to convey these archaeological hoarded wealths to visible radiation. In add-on to utilizing the traditional method of triangulation for mensurating the site. CEA team’s work depended on set uping a fixed Electronic Distance Measurement ( EDM ) utilizing an electronic transit on shore to descry the underwater blocks. which were indicated by a reflector mounted on a natation mast. The mast was connected to a lead line placed against the four corners of the submersed block and held in place by a frogman. Another frogman on the surface ensured that right tenseness was maintained and that the drifting mast did non travel excessively much. Depending on the sea conditions. this technique was accurate to between 1-30 centimeter. It was the exclusive option until anew acoustic system was developed in 2001 ( Martin. Shalaan. 2004 ) . Today’s adventurers are equipped with the latest engineering. such as sidescan echo sounder. gaussmeters. sub-bottom p rofiling and GPS. to assist them perforate the silt-laden enigmas of the yesteryear. The high-tech epoch in fact commenced in 1992 when Franck Goddio and his Paris-based European Institute for Underwater Archaeology originally began to electronically map the Eastern Harbour. This work was the anchor of subsequently CEA study missions. In 1994. during Empereur’s extended studies. at the terminal of each twenty-four hours of submerged geographic expedition. information stored in the EDM’s memory was imported into computing machine and combines with triangulation and Global Positioning System ( GPS ) information to plot the overall site map. Partial charts were given to divers the undermentioned twenty-four hours to point them underwater and assist them add complementary characteristics of the blocks. This pioneering method has contributed tremendously to the advancement of the digging and could be applied to other submerged sites around the universe. However. this system is limited by the effects of the crestless wave. and could merely be employed near to the shore when the sea was unagitated. During the first 14-months of plunging. 100s of artefacts were documented. from Pharaonic. papyriform columns. obelisks. sphinxes. and headers to an tremendous aggregation of Greco-Roman columns. capitals. bases. and statues in granite. quartize. diorite. basalt. and marble. Weights ranged from 100 kilograms to 75 dozenss. Forty pieces were salvaged and conserved and are now exhibited in the Roman Theater in Alexandria. This work was non merely backbreaking. but was besides unsafe in many ways — as documented by the PBS telecasting plan of 1997 on this subject: As the frogmans begin to skin back the top bed of blocks. they’re on the look-out for rocks that can be linked to the beacon. Harmonizing to ancient histories. the frontage of the tower bore a dedication carved in big Grecian letters. But in their hunt for the lettering. the submerged investigators uncover some really different grounds. At first. it appears to be a headless king of beasts. But Egyptologists recognize the creature’s true individuality: it’s an ancient sphinx that one time had the caput of a adult male. The frogmans instantly start work to liberate the sphinx with the air-filled balloons. By now. the process should be everyday. but something goes incorrect. The four ton statue interruptions loose and falls to the ocean floor. hardly losing the frogmans. Empereur concluded that the site contained blocks ( 90 per centum of which are granite ) that one time belonged to the beacon. and remains of some other edifices that existed on the island of Pharos. such as the temple of Isis Pharia. Most pieces were recycled from preexistent construction in the Nile Delta and Heliopolis. a metropolis near Cairo. There are clear marks of the application of Greco-Macedonian engineering to thoroughly Egyptian architectural stuffs. throwing light upon both architectural manners and building methods of the Pharos. Though the Greeks commissioned the Pharos. it is likely that it was non built in strictly Grecian manner but besides depended on Egyptian proficient expertness. Significant sums of statue stuffs discovered and grounds of other complete constructions underwater have led to the decision that Pharos was portion of a larger complex. Empereur and his squad are still in the procedure of patching together the scattered remains of what is about surely the Pharos beacon. These submerged diggings are far from over. Every twelvemonth two runs of two months’ continuance each are carried out. The classifying of the 1000s of architectural blocks on the Pharos site is come oning. A few old ages ago. the designer Isabelle Hairy has been able to restructure the frame of a monumental room access made of Aswan granite that stood 11. 45 metres beneath the header. The jambs weighing more than 70 dozenss. the header. the slabs with flexible joint sockets for the dual panelled door all belonged to a mammoth memorial ; this was. it is conjectured. the room access to the Pharos itself. The CEA project’s chief and uninterrupted aims are to progress a clear hypothesis about the agreement of the site and to bring forth a computer-generated architectural Reconstruction of the edifices in the Pharos composite. In this procedure. it is hoped that more hints as to the beginning and devastation of the celebrated beacon of the ancient universe would emerge. Mentions: Alexander. Doug. 2002. Ancient Secrets in Dirty Water. Diver Magazine Online. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. divernet. com/cgi-bin/articles. pl? id=3840 A ; section=1039 A ; action=display A ; show Buckley. Michael. 2002.Diving into History. The Globe and Mail. 19 Oct 2002. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theglobeandmail. com/servlet/story/LAC. 20021019. DIVE/TPStory/Travel Humphrey. John William ; Oleson. John Peter ; Sherwood. Andrew Neil. 1998.Grecian and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge Kearney. Milo. 2004.The Indian Ocean in World History. New York: Routledge Martin. Nelly ; Shaalan. Cecile. 2004. The submerged site off Qaitbay Fort. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cealex. org/sitecealex/navigation/FENETR_NAV_E. HTM Page. Katherine Hall. 2003.The Body in the Lighthouse: A Faith Fairchild Mystery. New York: Avon Books PBS. ORG. 1997. Treasures of the Sunken City. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2417treasures. hypertext markup language Sarton. George. 1993.Hellenic Science and Culture in the Last Three Centuries B. C. Mineola. NY: Capital of delaware Publications Forests. Mary B. 2000.Ancient Construction: From Tents to Towers. Minneapolis. Manganese: Runestone Imperativeness

Free Essays on Mission Impossible

Mission Impossible Each resident brings with them a different set of expectations. However, when those expectations are not discussed, conflict will occur (Guide 5). It’s an exciting time, moving into your dorm. You’re almost on your own, keyword almost. You thought living with your parents was bad; wait till you see the rules you have to follow. Compared to University Housing, your parents were a piece of cake. Then you meet your new roommate and things get worse. Well, I’m here to save the day. Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to follow my simple rules and survive dorm life with a terrible roommate. Over the summer, I wondered how it would be to live in a dorm. I knew it was much different than living at home, but I was excited nonetheless. When I got the envelope in the mail that told me who my roommate would be, I wondered what she would be like. Her name was Heather Baker and she lived in Panama. I wrote her an e-mail shortly after I received the letter so that I could get to know her better. I would be living with her for an entire school year after all. The more we wrote each other back and forth, the more thrilled I got. Who cares if I have to share my room with someone else? We will probably become wonderful friends and end up sharing all of life’s little moments together. I couldn’t have been more wrong. My roommate is the epitome of all that is evil. I am water and she is oil; we don’t mix. I like to sleep in, and she likes to make the most of her morning by waking up before the sun comes up. Every time she listens to the music on her computer, I get in a depressed, suicidal mood. It’s just so whiney! Apparently, she is extremely involved in her church and goes to numerous church related events. She even hosts some of these events in our room! All of these little things add up and can really stress me out. â€Å"Give it a few months,† my sister said when I asked her for ad... Free Essays on Mission Impossible Free Essays on Mission Impossible Mission Impossible Each resident brings with them a different set of expectations. However, when those expectations are not discussed, conflict will occur (Guide 5). It’s an exciting time, moving into your dorm. You’re almost on your own, keyword almost. You thought living with your parents was bad; wait till you see the rules you have to follow. Compared to University Housing, your parents were a piece of cake. Then you meet your new roommate and things get worse. Well, I’m here to save the day. Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to follow my simple rules and survive dorm life with a terrible roommate. Over the summer, I wondered how it would be to live in a dorm. I knew it was much different than living at home, but I was excited nonetheless. When I got the envelope in the mail that told me who my roommate would be, I wondered what she would be like. Her name was Heather Baker and she lived in Panama. I wrote her an e-mail shortly after I received the letter so that I could get to know her better. I would be living with her for an entire school year after all. The more we wrote each other back and forth, the more thrilled I got. Who cares if I have to share my room with someone else? We will probably become wonderful friends and end up sharing all of life’s little moments together. I couldn’t have been more wrong. My roommate is the epitome of all that is evil. I am water and she is oil; we don’t mix. I like to sleep in, and she likes to make the most of her morning by waking up before the sun comes up. Every time she listens to the music on her computer, I get in a depressed, suicidal mood. It’s just so whiney! Apparently, she is extremely involved in her church and goes to numerous church related events. She even hosts some of these events in our room! All of these little things add up and can really stress me out. â€Å"Give it a few months,† my sister said when I asked her for ad...

Bud Light Marketing Analysis

Anheuser-Busch Inc. is a dominating global leader in the beer industry, specifically in the United States. Its roots can be traced all the way back to 1852 from the Bavarian Brewery in St. Louis MO when Adolphus Busch traveled from Germany to join his father-in-law. In 1876 Budweiser was founded and rooted its brand in values, ethics, and quality. These core staples of the company evolved all the way to 1982 when Bud Light was introduced. Today Bud Light is the best selling beer in the U. S. and the #1 beer sold by volume in the world. Let’s take a look into the marketing mix that makes this product so successful. Product. Bud Light was only preceded by Bamblinger and Miller in the â€Å"Light† beer segment of the industry and is brewed at all 12 Anheuser-Busch U. S. based breweries. It’s brewed with all natural ingredients (water, barley malt, rice, premium hops, and yeast) and the clean, crisp, smooth taste is derived from the two and six row malt and cereal grains used during fermentation. Each 12 ounce serving contains 110 calories, 6. 6 grams of carbohydrates and is 4. 2% alcohol by volume. Consumers in the beer segment are very open to try different types of beverages so having a unique taste and â€Å"superior drinkability† separates Bud Light’s product from its competitors. Place. Bud Light (through Anheuser-Busch) has a very large and extremely effective distribution system. It starts with 12 breweries located all across the U. S. which in turn helps minimize delivery times and costs associated. After Bud Light is brewed a chain of over 600 wholesalers distribute the product to the suppliers, who in turn sell and deliver the beer to locations where it’s sold. Each business that sells Bud Light is provided with a secondary supplier to reduce the risk of stock outs. Over half of wholesalers who distribute Anheuser-Busch products deliver only its products. This vertical marketing system ensures two things: 1) Anheuser-Busch has more control over where its products are sold and the price of the beer. 2) Delivery time- in the beer sector this is crucial to quality and taste. Promotion. This area of the marketing mix is where Bud Light excels and blows the competition away! It taps a variety of advertising media. Primarily utilizing television commercials from a comical standpoint, Bud Light ensures it reaches and relates across all demographics. Effective advertising is also attained through sponsorships of special events, concerts, and sporting events. This accomplishes two goals: 1) it guarantees that only its product will be sold during the sponsored event. 2) The event will incur a connection between the â€Å"good time† and drinking Bud Light. Symbolic attributes also play an important role in promotional strategy. The seasonal association between Clydesdale horses and Anheuser-Busch is unmistakable. Also think about females depicted during their television ads, they are stunningly beautiful, playfully flirtatious, and seem genuinely into the target audience represented (males 18 -35). Physical styling and packaging is also incorporated into Bud Light’s advertising campaign. It has introduced co-branding and sports marketing promotional packaging with affiliations of Major League Baseball and NFL teams. All these promotional techniques can be summarized into one simple strategy. Bud Light uses people’s emotional need for a relationship to buy their product. This type of targeted advertising coincides with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. They specifically target consumers who view their ads consistently to entice them with sexuality, attractiveness, and a sense of the â€Å"good life†. With the use of pathos, repetitiveness, and color psychology Bud Light provokes its audience to dream of a euphoric experience. Price. Bud Light retains a position most competitors envy in this particular segment. Since Anheuser-Busch cements itself atop of U.S. beer sales at a 49% clip, it positions itself according to projected earnings growth. There are commodity factors that influence this pricing such as: barley price, gas prices, and advertising expenditures however Bud Light continues to price itself above its competition. Historically Bud Light prices have increased about half the rate of inflation. With competition reluctant to pare its prices with Bud Light, this strategy will remain for the foreseeable future. Bud Light SWOT analysis: Strengths Bud Light is the best selling beer in the U.S. * 37% market share * Brand Strength – leading light brand in the US * Pricing Leadership – Continues to set industry benchmarks for pricing. | Weaknesses * Many consumers consider the taste to â€Å"watered down†. * Challenge of expanding internationally due to the stigma of an American beer. | Opportunities * Possibility of expanding its target focuses to include women. * Continue to retain brand loyal consumers with â€Å"reminder† campaign. | Threats: * Fast growing light beer segment with new competitors entering the arena. As a beer drinker I will not contest the fact that it is almost impossible to differentiate between unlabeled beer brands. This is where brand image is enormously important. The single most important factor Bud Light has on their side is the momentum from its brand culture. In a judgmental society, each person is constantly categorized by their shape, clothes, ethnicity, religion, salary, and yes even the beer they drink. With this awareness, Bud Light has proven that while they may offer a distinct and quality beverage it is the marketing strategy employed that delivers success.

A specific health care topic of interest to you --Nursing Essay

A specific health care topic of interest to you --Nursing - Essay Example According to Bracken, â€Å"every patient who faces this type of surgery struggles with fears and anxieties that are universal...† (n.d. cited in International Ostomy Association, 2006). Pre-operative and post-operative health teachings are routine interventions that help the patient prepare for, and manage surgical outcomes; however, studies supporting the common areas of stomal patient concern are scarce. This meta-analysis was done to identify the subject matter that needed further emphasis during patient teaching; as well as to identify the different factors that contributed to the low self-esteem experienced by these patients. Although pre-operative and post-operative education in managing the stoma are being employed by health care institutions, the subject matter and the patient concerns addressed during patient teaching should be assessed in order to provide individualized health teaching that can address patient uncertainty in managing the stoma; allay anxiety in rela tion to social issues; and prepare the patient for the changes associated with the surgery. Background and Introduction A stoma is an artificial opening made on the side of the abdomen that is used as a permanent, or temporary outlet for feces or urine (Clinimed, n.d.). There are three different types: colostomy--for solid fecal outlet; ileostomy--for soft fecal outlet; and urostomy--as outlet for urine (Clinimed, n.d.). Indications for stoma surgery include: congenital conditions such as malformations in the anus and urethra, and diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, diverticulear disease, and ulcers. Ostomy surgery is performed by taking a portion of the large, or small intestine through the abdominal wall to provide an outlet for feces and urine (Encyclopedia of Surgery, n.d.). A collection bag is worn over the stoma and requires routine irrigation to prevent infection and other complications. This procedure is performed to aid healing by diverting fecal ma tter from an injured or diseased part of the large intestine, for temporary stomas, and to construct an alternative excretory pathway for fecal matter and urine, for permanent stomas. The estimated of the number of patients with a stoma vary across the globe. In the US, approximately 800,000 patients with a stoma were reported in 2000; with growth rate of 3% each year (Turnbull, 2008). Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia were reported to have the highest number of ostomy surgeries annually in 2009; with colostomy accounting for 55%; ileostomy 31%; and urostomy 14% (Registered Nurse’s Association of Ontario, 2009). According to Renzulli and Candinas (2007), stoma formation and delayed closure is associated with high morbidity; and complications including: stomal necrosis, stomal retraction, stomal stenosis, mucocutaneous separation and stomal prolapse. In a study conducted by Makela and Niskasaari (2006), which explored stoma care related problems experienced by stoma surgery patients in Northern Finland, it was found out that 35 patients of the 163 respondents developed stoma complications, particularly parastomal herninas (18 cases). Apart from the problem of having to live with the life-long risks associated with a stoma, self-esteem issues may also surface. According to Honkala and Bertero (2009), the most common concerns of patients before and after an ostomy surgery were

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms Dissertation

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms - Dissertation Example Other than the research design, studies need to provide an understanding of the research rationale, sample and sampling procedure, data and collection methods, as well as the data analysis process. The following chapter provides a deeper analysis of the methodology employed in conducting this study. Research Design Approach Research studies take the form of qualitative, quantitative, or both. Whereas quantitative designs use numerical data, qualitative designs use non-numerical data and information to make analysis towards achieving the aim of the study. In order to realise the objectives of this research, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was employed. On the one hand, the study utilized available research data on the subject of CSR policy and performance among major corporations in the UK. In order to identify a sample space to draw information from, a recent research by Highflier’s Research (2011) on the Top 100 Graduate Employers in the UK for the year 2011 and 2012 was used. Secondary data and information regarding CSR in respect to UK firms provided a good foundation and basis for conducting a detailed analysis hence conclusions and recommendations. Apart from the use of secondary data especially the research study conducted by Highflier’s Research (2011), the study also collected additional information and data from the available literature that addresses the concepts and aspects of CSR with respect to UK firms. Such literatures formed the bigger part of the literature review section. Specific information obtained from the various literatures included the CSR policy frameworks as well as performance of UK firms in respect to the same strategic move. The literatures... The research selects three firms, Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury and uses them to represent the entire population. These firms are UK-based and of late have been seen as very successful in respect to CSR policies and performances. The sampling method that was used was the stratified sampling, which involves selecting specific firms that have heard significant impact, whether positive or negative, on the business environment on the basis of the topic under discussions. The three firms formed the case studies that needed to be analyzed in order to arrive at the conclusion. However, there were information and data required regarding the client’s perception on the firms’ CSR policies and performances. Again, it was difficult to conduct interviews on all the clients of the three firms. Consequently, 150 clients were selected randomly and a semi-structured interview was performed on them identifying firstly the firm of choice and then their views on the CSR policies as well as per formances. As much as we praise the importance of CSR practices to the organisation, the ultimate effectiveness of such practices is best felt by the public. It is true that interviewing senior corporate managers can serve good in understanding the environment underpinning their CSR policies. Nevertheless, this option is both resource consuming and might be subject to faked information as managers strive to safeguard their business secrets. On the other hand however, company clients are more open in airing their views on businesses and their practices

The City Planners and the Planners Essay Example for Free

The City Planners and the Planners Essay In ‘The City Planners’ by Margaret Atwood and ‘The Planners’ by Boey Kim Cheng, both poet uses the structure of the poem and language techniques to form the difference between the place itself and its identity. The uniformity between these two poems is the feelings of the poet expresses for this place. In ‘The City planners’ Atwood describes the place as â€Å"dry August sunlight†, this portrays an imagery of no lighting, dark and negative and also suggests to the readers that she do not like where she are. Similarly, in â€Å"The Planners† where the poet expresses to the readers that he dislikes the atmosphere because â€Å"All spaces are gridded† which gives an imagery of there is no free space around this area. Both the poet highlights the identity of the city is perfect but in a negative way. Atwood uses sibilance in â€Å"cutting a straight swath in the discouraged grass. † This emphasizes that even nature is not freely grown, and it must get permission from the planners. Of no difference in â€Å"The Planners† Cheng also uses nature and the same language techniques of sibilance o â€Å"skies surrender† which is suggesting the buildings are so high that the sky is scared of it. The city gives a feeling of unpleasant but the image of the city seemed to be perfect. Both poet is starting to introduce to the readers that the city is not as perfect as they have seen, they expresses the feeling of resentment. In â€Å"The City Planners† Atwood uses sibilance of â€Å"the roofs all display the same slant’ this portrays an imagery of the roof is facing the same way. The words â€Å"same slant† which hints that the house is all the same, the image of the house, the direction its facing, and also the lighting is coming from the same way. The surrounding of this place, gives a feeling of boring and lost. Because everything is the same and she cannot recognise where she is and when will the journey is going to finish. In â€Å"The Planners’ Cheng uses personification of â€Å"The country wears perfect rows of shining teeth†, this creates an imagery of the city itself is looking so perfect but with â€Å"dental dexterity† which suggesting that the powerful people ‘they’ are creating a perfect image for the city. Both poem refers to the place is not in beauty itself and when you spend more time and being very focus at it, you will realise its flaws. Atwood and Cheng use structure of the poem to highlight the exact opposite between the place and its image. Atwood is contradicting what she said in the beginning of the poem where nature is not allowed to be grown anywhere they like. But toward the end of the poem Atwood says that the â€Å"houses, capsized, will slide†, this listing creates a strong feeling of fearfulness and how danger is this place in the future. But â€Å"right now nobody notices. † Atwood finishes the poem of using contradictions that the â€Å"panic of suburb† which hints that this place is getting closer the problem. Cheng uses irony in â€Å"The Planners† where â€Å"history is new again†, history is something that is true which is happening in the pass. No one can change history. The planners can only change the image (identity) of the place but they can never change its pass. History is something that will remain in people’s mind as memory and therefore they can remember it forever. Both poems show the difference between the identity and its background and what the place really are. Atwood and Cheng express the difference of the identity to itself of the place. The contradictions and irony hints that the image of the place and itself can be very different. Give the message to the readers that do not judge a someone or a something by its appearance because the external may look perfect but its internal or the interior can be vice versa.

The Ethics of Nanotechnology Essay -- Nanotechnology Science Research

The Ethics of Nanotechnology Introduction Imagine a world in which cars can be assembled molecule-by-molecule, garbage can be disassembled and turned into beef steaks, and people can be operated on and healed by cell-sized robots. Sound like science fiction? Well, with current semiconductor chip manufacturing encroaching upon the nanometer scale and the ability to move individual atoms at the IBM Almaden laboratory, we are fast approaching the technological ability to fabricate productive machines and devices that can manipulate things at the atomic level. From this ability we will be able to develop molecular-sized computers and robots, which would give us unprecedented control over matter and the ability to shape the physical world as we see fit. Some may see it as pure fantasy, but others speculate that it is an inevitability that will be the beginning of the next technological revolution. Laboratories, such as the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility (SNF), have already been researching nanofabrication techniques with applications in fiber optics, biotechnology, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and wide variety of other research fields relevant to today's technology. MEMS, "tiny mechanical devices such as sensors, valves, gears, mirrors, and actuators embedded in semiconductor chips", are particularly interesting because they are but a mere step away from the molecular machines envisioned by nanotechnology. MEMS are already being used in automobile airbag systems as accelerometers to detect collisions and will become an increasing part of our everyday technology. In 1986, a researcher from MIT named K. Eric Drexler already foresaw the advent of molecular machines and published a book, Engines of Creation, in ... ...searchers in this field put together an ethical set of guidelines (e.g. Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines) and follow them, then we should be able to develop nanotechnology safely while still reaping its promised benefits. References Drexler, K. Eric Engines of Creation. New York: Anchor Books, 1986. Drexler, K. Eric Unbounding the Future. New York: Quill, 1991. Feynman, Richard P. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. 03 March 2002. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html The Foresight Institute. 03 March 2002. http://www.foresight.org/ Institute for Molecular Manufacturing. 03 March 2002. IMM.org National Nanotechnology Initiative. 03 March 2002. http://www.nano.gov/ Thibodeau, Patrick. "Nanotech, IT research given boost in Bush budget". 03 March 2002. (April 11, 2001) CNN.com [Definitions]. 03 March 2002. Whatis.com

Lincoln Hospital Case Study Essay

Introduction This case describes a crisis situation that unfolds at the Lincoln Hospital, a 400-bed for-profit facility. At the root of the crisis is a dysfunctional relationship between the newly elected chief of surgery, Don, and the Operating Room (OR) director of 13-years, Mary. As a result of their discord, multiple exacerbated issues are occurring throughout the hospital. These issues are impacting the ability of the hospital to successfully perform the planned surgeries without incurring significant issues. The hospital has lost forty percent of the experienced OR nursing staff during the previous eight months, lessor experienced OR nurses are inefficiently replacing the more experienced nurses, physicians are threatening to conduct their surgeries in different hospitals, physicians are arriving late for scheduled surgeries, the staff is divided, and the necessary equipment is either not available or not the correct size resulting in delays and impacts to performing the surgeries. The president of the hospital is facing a daunting dilemma in trying to figure out how to bring this discord to closure and remedy the perturbating effects of this hostile relationship. He believes the discord is responsible for  the other systematic issues seen throughout the hospital. He considers firing Mary but quickly realizes she is an invaluable asset that he cannot afford to let go. At the same time, he realizes he needs to be accommodating to the surgeons or they will take their patients to another hospital. The competitive market adds complexity to the situation since the hospital is facing escalating costs, changes in regulations, and strict accreditation standards. The president realizes the surgeons are loyal to the new chief of surgery and that he cannot afford to alienate or oppose the newly elected chief of surgery for fear of losing the surgeons to his competition. The president conducts his own initial investigation by speaking with both nurses and doctors. He tells Mary and Don that they must resolve their conflict by meeting with each other until they resolve their issues; the meetings would begin immediately. To ensure Mary and Don follow through with his mandate, the president selects an impartial observer, the new executive vice president and chief operating office, Terry, to mediate the meetings. Both Mary and Don also ask their respective vice presidents to sit in on the meetings to ensure fairness in the process. Neither Mary nor Don wants to participate in these meetings and as such, the results of the meeting are less than fruitful. The initial meeting results in a hostile free-for-all. The president of Lincoln Hospital ultimately contracts with an Organizational Development (OD) consultant to remedy the situation. The OD consultant meets with Mary and Don separately to obtain answers to the following three questions: 1) What does he or she do well? 2) What do I think I do that bugs him or her? 3) What does he or she do that bugs me? Mary and Don were able to see the positive characteristics about the other person through the process of answering the questions. Neither Mary nor Don had openly attributed their respect and admiration for the skills of the other person. Prior to participating in this exercise, their answers revealed the existence of ongoing and escalating frustrations concerning their inability to effectuate good interpersonal skills. As Mary and Don continue to participate in these meetings, they become better equipped to address their confrontational issues. They are better positioned and able  to follow through with identifying specific problems, altering their reactions and their behaviors to effectuate co-existence in a productive way. Contracting and Diagnosis Stages The case did not elaborate much on the contracting stage between the president and the OD consultant. The case stated the president was in communication with the OD consultant. The president described a high level overview of the problem and subsequently hired the OD consultant with the expectation that the consultant would champion resolution of the dysfunction between Mary and Don. The OD consultant did not have the opportunity to talk with either Mary or Don prior to establishing a contract with the president. There was no agreement regarding the time to resolve the issues, or the acceptable solutions versus unacceptable solutions, other than the solution must include ongoing employment for both Mary and Don. The output of the contracting process is make a good decision about how to carry out the effort, define the resources needed to accomplish the tasks and document the assumptions, risks, and constraints. The contract ensures all parties are in agreement regarding the necessary commitments, support, and resources. Suggestions for establishing an effective contract would include carefully approaching the contracting process by laying out a model of how the OD process should flow. The contracting process should include all parties, which would be inclusive of Mary and Don. This ensures they all have an input into establishing expectations for the process in terms of the desired outcomes, establish ground rules that all parties could abide by, and agree upon the time and resources that would be devoted to completing the goals within the given constraints. In addition, the OD consultant should state what his expectations are regarding the process. All parties involved need to be clear about their commitment of time and resources to the effort. In addition, Mary, Don, and the OD consultant should agree upon how they will work together. Some conversations may require confidential conversations or information. This type of information should be part of the contract. The diagnosing process began largely from the description given to the OD consultant by the president and not as a collaborative effort among all affected stakeholders. As stated earlier,  Mary and Don, as well as other affected members of the organization, were not engaged in the early meetings. The OD consultant may have a skewed view of the problem since he did not diagnose the problem but rather received the information second hand. His ability to identify the issues to focus on, how to collect data to measure the progress of a proposed implementation, and how to obtain agreement upon the process for assigning action steps is largely from the president’s view. Suggestions for implementing a better diagnosing process would include engaging all affected parties, in a collaborative fashion, to understand all the issues, analyze them, and draw conclusions for action planning and intervention. They should be involved in actively developing appropriate interventions and implementations. An assessment, of the current state of the organization, will identify ways to enhance the organization’s existing functioning. A diagnostic model will point out what areas to examine and what questions to ask in assessing how they are operating. The diagnostic model should include inputs, design components, and outputs. Third-Party or Other Types of Intervention The third-party intervention is an appropriate intervention. It successfully generated positive results and reduced the friction between the two parties. However an element of tension still exists between Mary and Don. The consultant was able to get Mary and Don see past their differences and work together to resolve the issues in a productive way. This allows Mary and Don to see a side of each other they did not know existed, which allows the tensions to subside between the two. This also allows the organization to benefit since Mary and Don appear to be the catalyst for subsequent symptoms appearing throughout the organization. Since much of the information, for diagnosing the situation, came from Mary, Don, and the other people affected by the discord, the diagnosis stage is utilizing accurate data to implement resolutions to the problems. This data is the basis of the intervention and as such it allows Mary and Don to make commitments regarding resolution of their issues. Mary and Don also have a new tool they can use in future meetings and interactions. Other possible interventions may include utilization of process consultations and  team building events. Process consultations focus on the interpersonal relations and the social dynamics between groups. The team building intervention assists groups in working to evaluate their processes as well as establishing solutions to resolve problems. Third-Party Effectivity and Next Steps The third-party intervention is an effective intervention even though not all of the problems were completely resolved; perturbating effects still exist and fuel the discord between Mary and Don. Other issues are still present that need to be resolved throughout the organization. This intervention allows both parties, Mary and Don, to take ownership for the issues that resulted and changes the way they relate and interact with each other. It allows Mary and Don the ability to collaborate in the solutions and accept mutual responsibility for their part in the situation. In addition, they are now able to focus on solutions versus their problems. Although there continues to be some conflict between Mary and Don, they are trying to work through their issues in a productive way. Process consultation should occur to ensure they are still making the needed progress. This method would allow flexibility regarding time commitments for all involved. In addition, repetitive practice in exercising these newly learned behaviors will result in institutionalized behaviors. References Cummings, T. & Worley, C., (2009). Organization development & change. In (Eds.), Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Wolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Krayina

Wolfgang Keller, managing director of Konigsbrau-Krayina, the Ukrainian subsidiary of the German beer company Konigsbrau, faces a complicated managerial dilemma. His subordinate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, is a talented and experienced commercial director who is not meeting his goals appropriately. Keller is an action-oriented manager who likes to use a hands-on approach when dealing with problems. He has the potential to be a great leader as evidence by his drive and people skills. But his lack of experience running a multinational company gives him difficulty in dealing with one of his directors with a different management style. Khmelnytsky’s introvert and highly formal personality had major problems to adjust to the desired organizational culture and getting in touch with customers. Keller must decide the best course of action to take with this difficult employee in an environment in which the industry is rapidly changing and growing and the war for talent is strong. He must also consider what comprises an effective performance review and how his own leadership style impacts Khmelnytsky's poor performance. 1. What is your assessment of Khmelnytsky’s performance? Khmelnytsky’s is rather an administrative, operation-oriented person than a customer-oriented one. His focus is not on sales, he would prefer working in back office and dealing with operational issues where analytical brainstorming is required. He is lacking on motivation, which becomes evident when looking at his behavior. He delegates a lot without proper follow-ups. Also, he is focused solely on his area and does not see the whole picture of the company. Apart from this, he also has a difficult personality, keeping distance to other people. Khmelnytsky also seems to have a higher opinion of himself than of others. Therefore, other people see him as a difficult person to work with. They call him â€Å"MR Problem†. He is not open to his direct reporting line (Keller), so he does not communicate directly with him on every day issues or future plans. Obviously, there is no trust between the two (Keller and Khmelnytsky), especially from Khmelnytsky’s side. This mistrust is affecting directly Khmelnytsky’s performance considering that he is not empowered. Furthermore, Khmelnytsky is more concentrated in showing off and telling everyone that he is doing well than in planning future steps or finding a way how to improve his performance. Also, he is a very unflexible person. He is used to the existing working culture and doesn’t want to believe that things can change and that he should be more responsive to these changes. 2. What has Keller done well and not-so-well in managing Khmelnytsky’s performance? (Our observations expressed to Keller) Things you’ve done well in managing Khmelnytsky’s performance is your honest approach and open dialogue between the two of you. You encouraged Khmelnytsky in things he was good at like planning and implementing a sales reorganization. On the other hand, there are things you did not so well and which therefore could be improved. Managing should always be a two way stream. Saying all the time â€Å"don’t do this, don’t do that† is not an efficient way to direct and manage people. In your letter to Khmelnytsky you used the word NOT very often, like: ‘you are not a leader', ‘your personality does not fit to maintain personal contacts', ‘you do not like personal contacts', ‘you are not well-integrated into the team', etc †¦ Instead of criticizing a person’s traits,, your discontent should refer to concrete tasks/work which Khmelnytsky did not handle well. With your coaching you failed to become an exemplary leader and coach to your subordinates, with no or very little ability to motivate Khmelnytsky. Your managerial capabilities are ineffective since you are too focused on operational, day-to-day operations instead of focusing on more strategic issues of the company. You are not a team player and you intervene too much and too frequently in Khmelnytsky’s scope of work – you are not leading but directing. The current performance management system is ineffective since there are no frequent interviews (once a year is not enough) and quantitative goal settings (only qualitative goals, which are too subjective and therefore source of many conflicts). The steps to be taken which were listed in the explanatory letter to Khmelnytsky were in our opinion too wide and too general. The feedback should have rather been concrete, very precise and action-oriented. Furthermore, your social perceptiveness seems to be very low. You should try to be more open in accepting cultural differences. 3. What actions should Keller take upon returning to Kyiv with regard to Khmelnytsky’s performance? (A letter to Keller) Dear Mr. Keller, First of all thank you very much for your trust in our company’s professionalism and experience in counselling. It is our honour to provide you impartial and objective leadership advice for solving your special managerial dilemma. After a comprehensive analysis of the issue please allow us to be very straightforward. Based on our observations we would like to make the following recommendations to you: 1. Empowerment. Trust the experienced and talented Mr. Khmelnitsky for at least a trial period and let him do his job completely alone. Give him full responsibility and try to get away from getting involved in his daily business. 2. Communication. Improve your communication with Mr. Khmelnytsky. A much more relational leadership style can work like a miracle in bypassing the communication gap between you and Mr. Khmelnytsky. Please be much more emphatic. Cultural biases and immature, extremely task oriented management style can affect the behavior of subordinates in a very negative way. We noticed also in your annual appraisal the lack of tactfulness. Expressions like â€Å"you are not a leader† were undiplomatic and also unprofessional. With this kind of communication you only hurt the feelings and the pride of your subordinates and on the other hand their motivation will be lost very easily after such a verbal offense. 3. Follow your instinct and be a real leader. Don’t be scared to alter the daily duties of the commercial director. You need to keep a talented manager like Mr. Khmelnytsky at the company, however, if you communicate well with him and start a new chapter in your relationship a slight re-organization can take place. Let Mr. Khmelnytsky keep his rank as director of the commercial department but divide the functions and let Mr. Skovoroda allow to lead the sales department as the sales director. You could offer to Mr. Khmelnytsky that he could be the supervisor and mentor of Mr. Skovoroda in the beginning period – by offering him also a slight salary increase for that responsibility – but he has to focus on marketing and give free hand to Mr. Skovoroda. That way you could bring out the most of Mr. Khmelnytsky’s experience and on the other hand you can win the best advisor and mentor for Mr. Skovoroda until he gains enough experience and confidence to work completely alone. Conclusion This case demonstrated how differences in management style, communication, personality and culture can result in a conflict that can jeopardize the business results of a company. It also showed that managers without extensive managerial experience have to learn how to trust their subordinates and how to communicate with them in a constructive and emphatic way in order to be effective.

A danger to public health and welfare Essays - Nutrition

A danger to public health and welfare Essays - Nutrition A danger to public health and welfare In what could be a historic moment in the struggle against climate change, the environmental protection agency on Friday confirmed what most people have long suspected but had never been declared as a matter of federal laws carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases constitute a danger to public health and welfare. The formal endangerment finding names carbon dioxide and five other heat trapping gases as pollutants subject to regulation under the federal clean air act. This in turn sets the stage after a 60-day comment period for broad new rules touching major sectors of the American economy and profoundly influencing how Americans use and generate energy. Labels lift how the FDA could make nutrition facts more palatable. Ill have one serving size with a couple of grams of sugar, please. Chances are youve never spoken a sentence like that out loud, because to most people, it doesnt make sense. Yet thats the kind of lingo food makers have used for years to tell Americans about what theyre eating, via the nutrition facts panel. Now, for the first time in a decade the food and drug administration is ready for a chance. After many rounds of internal debate and hefty criticism from health groups the FDA recently submitted a list of proposed improvements for approval by the white house. Since the nutrition facts label was introduced in 1990, the science and recommendations under lying it have changed, says Juli Putnam, an FDA spokesman. Whereas studies show that there are good and bad fats, for example, the label lumps Who do I talk to I will let them Engineering Consulting Firm Residential That will be wonderful Thank you for your help I talked to Geoff. I can redo it Where are you? Little things How is everything going? Turn it off the computer All the fats together. And daily values for sodium are based one a 2,400 mg diet even though new research says those figures should be lower. Although the FDA wont say when the changes will take effect it could be years or what they will be, many nutrition experts have already chimed in with suggestions. But Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor of clinical pediatrics at the university of California, Sand Francisco, warns that helath advocates should temper their expectations. After all, food processing companies spent over $28 million last year on lobbying efforts, some of which were aimed at the FDA. None the less, even a small tweak could pay big dividends. Now that 42% of working base Americans are reading nutrition fact labels (up from 34% in 2008), they could play a key part in combatting the obesity epidemic. None of these are block-buster changes, says Michael Jacobson, executive director of the center for science in the public Internet. Theyre steps.

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus Dissertation

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus on the most important developments of post 90's - Dissertation Example No, doubt the notion for HI has received some flash light in recent years but the inclination trend has been notifies only among western countries while G-77 which consists of 133 states and among them 122 states have rejected the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. Endorsing humanitarian intervention has been controversial only due to the lack of consensus and willingness about the legitimacy and legality of this doctrine which has contained HI doctrine. Regarding the practice of Humanitarian Intervention during 1990s in Iraq, Haiti, Rwanda Bosnia, Chechnya and Somalia showered the interests and willingness of Security Council to sanction Chapter VII of the UN Charter for enforcing operations in reaction to interior conflicts and human rights abuses but in purview of disorder to international peace and security and yet the authorization and legitimacy remained in function of the authorization from SC and use of force was called justified and legal. However, this harmony among per manent member states of the Security Council does not represent the voice of the global community. Although this harmonization among permanent member states was apparently dissipated during the crisis when China and Russia showed intentions for rejection of the resolution for humanitarian intervention which later was conducted by NATO without any authorization from the Council. This illustration of use of force against the norms of the International Law provoked another frenzied debate about whether this unilateral military action was symptomatic of the legality of humanitarian interventions which has not been authorized by the Security Council. Undeniably, the Kosovo intrusion was questionable which aggravated the present niggle with this regime because it was inimitable and it raised the problems of the legitimacy while some analysts asserted that this use of force against humanitarian violence was a new emerging norm and custom of International Law by which states practice use of force to eliminate human rights violations , on the other hand some scholars simply admitted the fact that this humanitarian intervention can gradually be accepted as legal and justified practice because considering the sufferings of Albanians it can be sanctioned as legitimate. 25 Humanitarian intervention in Kosovo soon became the renowned action of NATO against human rights violations, which then ended up with Independent International Commission on Kosovo (IICK) . No doubt that under the Article 51 and Article 52 of United Nations states that the ultimate legitimacy of any humanitarian intervention rests within the powers of Security Council. The purpose of this commission was to inquire the legitimacy of NATO’s intervention and analyse the implications of this intervention whether it can be declared legitimate or NATO’s actions require further punishment for its violation of UN Charter. Although the intervention was declared illegal but appropriate in accordance with International Law. However the Commission’s definition of legality turned seemingly narrow and irrespective of its illegalities, the commission focused exclusively on the moral and ethical aspects besides respecting the preferences of super power USA under whose

Current Ethical issues in International HRM Coursework

Current Ethical issues in International HRM - Coursework Example Furthermore, the task of IHRM is to find, attract and manage gifted employees, which are the most valuable resource for any organization (Kramar et al 2011). a) bribery. When a company appears in the international environment, it can appear in the middle of the conflicts existing in the new society. Bribery is one of them. For example, while the bribery laws in the USA are strong, they are not so strong in Africa or China. The companies which recently faced such problem are: Transparency International Australia  and The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)  (Collings & WoodÐ ± 2009) b) breach of contract. The main task of IHRM is to make employees perform in accordance with ethical norms. Only adhering to ethical rules can increase the standard of living and bring benefits to employees and their families. IHRM has a very difficult task to instruct on the code of ethics and its application in the international environment. The violation of ethical rules can lead to breach of contract. The company, which recently faced such a problem, is Ocean & Earth (Klerck, 2009). c) abuse of human rights. Here the human resources managers meet many challenges and these challenges are much more serious than in those companies, which do not perform internationally. This situation is typical for the work in developing countries. Globe International  Limited faced the situation where the rights of their employees were violated. This negatively influenced the performance of the organization (Klerck