Is it possible to demonstrate that a sociological analysis of the body and its varied states shed ‘light’ on the experiences of embodiment?

So as to assess the degree where sociological investigation reveals insight into the experience of epitome it is fundamental that we first separate the implications behind the inquiry. The idea of epitome is gotten from the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, who contended: â€Å"that to the experience the world, we need to see it†¦. the encapsulation of the individual is fundamental.† (refered to in Reber and Reber 2001. p115). Reber and Reber (2001) proceed to clarify exemplification as the mode by which people basically connect with and collaborate with the world. The experience of having a body adjusts comparable to the specific condition, or state, of the body at any one time. These shifted states can remember contrasts for long or momentary wellbeing or, for instance, regardless of whether the body is in torment or not at a specific time. Different states can remember decent variety for age, or simply changed states, for example, pregnancy. The sociological investigation of any topic includes being able to follow connects between the more extensive society and the lives of the people inside it, having an attention to social structures. As opposed to sociological speculations are those inside the natural essentialist worldview, whose clarifications decrease the comprehension of the body into terms of the physiological and total. This article will endeavor to outline the significance of the sociological clarification in understanding the body and its fluctuated states, while featuring the constraints of the more essentialist approach. The wellbeing and ailment of the human body has customarily been characterized regarding the biomedical model, which depends on the dependence of logical realities. The body is viewed as a basically natural substance consequently overlooking outside, condition factors, for example, the family and the instruction framework, molding our bodies and psyches. The possibility that the brain and body are isolated substances exudes from Descartes, going back to the eighteenth century. A period, known as the illumination, when social orders would come to rely increasingly more upon logical and discerning clarifications to the detriment of strict clarifications. There was a clear move towards a progressively physiological and essentialist comprehension of regular day to day existence and an emotional decrease in increasingly profound and less logical clarifications. Wellbeing and ailment is generally portrayed in a clinical manner. Pregnancy, for instance, albeit a characteristic state for the female body, has experienced outrageous clinical mediation. Martin (1987) proposes that conceiving an offspring is truth be told so medicalised that it very well may be depicted as â€Å"work done by the uterus†. She proceeds to make a persuading relationship between the ‘job' of having a child and the capacity of ladies as laborers to oppose their conditions. The essentialist contention is contended to be both limited in its suspicions with respect to the body and the person's capacity to have unrestrained choice. The scholars overlook the effect of outer variables, contending that all human conduct is intrinsic and fixed. In present day times, to a great extent because of a progressively sociological comprehension of the brain and body, it is comprehended that they in truth cooperate significantly more intently than at any other time acknowledged previously, and subsequently the idea of psyche body dualism is presented. White (2002) contends that based on exact research sociologists exhibit how the collaborations of social class, force, sexual orientation and ethnicity go into the development of information about the treatment of an infection or sickness. The social creation and conveyance of infections and sicknesses, show how these changed states could be contrastingly comprehended, rewarded and experienced by exhibiting how ailment is delivered out of social association as opposed to nature, science or individual way of life decisions. White (2002) likewise recommends that our insight into wellbeing and ailment, the associations of the callings which manage it and our own reactions to our substantial states are molded and shaped by the historical backdrop of our general public and our place in it. He reprimands clinical clarifications, expressing that they just serve to darken, or totally spread, the social forming and circulation of sickness, infection classifications and wellbeing administratio ns. Right off the bat we should consider increasingly conventional sociological hypotheses, for example, functionalism, for the most part outlined by Parsons' idea of ‘the wiped out job', a social job that is formed by the social controls of present day society. The attention is on how being sick must take a particular structure in human social orders all together that the social framework's dependability and attachment can be kept up. Parsonian humanism accentuates the job of medication in keeping up social agreement, highlighting the non-advertise premise of expert gatherings. Featuring the social control of medication in implementing consistence with social jobs in current society. Marxist methodologies underscore the causal job of financial aspects in the creation and conveyance of malady, just as the job of clinical information in supporting the class structure. Marxists are worried about the connection among wellbeing and ailment and entrepreneur social association. Women's activists' key contention is that the manner by which we are associated into manly and ladylike social jobs will have a deciding impact on our wellbeing and ailment. They contend that medication assumes an essential job in authorizing congruity in light of the fact that controlling ladies' capacity to recreate is vital to a male centric culture. Women's activists contend that most of clinical consideration paid to ladies is around their regenerative organs and their life cycle Marxist-women's activists distinguish the manners by which class and man centric society interface to characterize the subordinate situation of ladies in the public eye and the focal job that clinical information plays in characterizing ladies. As opposed to these increasingly basic methodologies the interactionists would contend the center ought to be aimed at the manner in which ailment is a social achievement between entertainers instead of simply a matter of physiological glitch (Bilton et al 1997). Self-personality has gotten progressively liquid and debatable, isolated from ‘social structures', which are frequently professed to be only a fantasy of the sociological creative mind. For certain scholars the disclosure of the body, connected to these debilitated structures, has prompted the contention that we develop our bodies as we see fit. White (2002) underlines the transparency of the body, and of the people that shape it. Later ideas of the body have inspected the social implications set upon it, alluring body size, weight and shape and so on. There has been a lot of sociological examination into understanding the thoughts behind the person's idea of ‘the self'. Quite a bit of this work is spinning around real appearance and individual self-observation, names given to us by others and ourselves. Tyler (1998) explored the enlistment and preparing of female airline stewards, presuming that their work: â€Å"involved holding fast to socially recommended standards on womanliness just as authoritative guidelines administering her figure† Women's activists' responses to the manner by which medication ‘medicalises' their bodies have raised significant issues at the focal point of sociological clarifications of ailment. Sicknesses are not just deviations from the body's ordinary working, being sick can have various implications that reach out past a basic biomedical one. Sontage (1991) shows how TB and AIDS have connected implications, so they become ‘dirty' and ‘unclean' ailments that ‘invade' the body. Individuals who experience the ill effects of such slandered diseases may well change the manner in which they see their bodies and their own self-character is influenced, consequently a representation of brain body dualism. Goffman, a key interactionist, hypothesis of the body can be summed up by three principle highlights. Right off the bat, that you can see the body as a material, imparting element, constrained by people so as to encourage and coordinate social connection. Also, the implications credited to the body are dictated by shared vocabularies of non-verbal language, for example, outward appearance and dress, which are not under the prompt control of people yet which in any case classify and separate between individuals. Thirdly, the body intercedes the connection between individuals' self-personality and their social character, two very various states. Thus, these characterizations significantly impact how people look to deal with their bodies and they manner by which their bodies are seen. Notwithstanding its appearance on monetary, social and political changes in the public eye postmodernism is described by a question of ‘science' as reality. Senior (1996) recommends that individuals are all the more tolerating of their own comprehension of the world. Post pioneers guarantee that no single hypothesis can clarify such a wide variety of encounters. Force is of pivotal concern, financial force as well as language, or talk. Information on the body becomes power, holders of this information can practice authority over those without, for instance the specialist/persistent relationship. Foucault, an extraordinary social constructionist, features the social job of clinical information in controlling populaces. Additionally to Parsons, Foucault underlines the differing idea of intensity connections in present day society, portraying the rise of a prevailing clinical talk, which has developed meanings of typicality and abnormality. For Foucault current social orders are frameworks of composed observation with people directing the reconnaissance themselves, having disguised the ‘professional models' of what is proper conduct. The handiness of Foucault's position is the manner by which he truly finds clinical information, particularly in taking into consideration the advancement of the humanism of the body. By demonstrating how the body is generally built, Foucault has been acknowledged and adjusted by women's activists, known as Foucauldian-feminisms, who

Platonic Love Essay

In the Symposium, which is typically dated toward the start of the center time frame, Plato presents his hypothesis of affection. First thing to note is that in Plato’s hypothesis, love is given and its reality isn't addressed. The word love leaves the issue uncertain with respect to whether we are examining love in the ordinary, human, feeling of the word, or on the off chance that we are talking about want in an a lot more extensive sense, yet in this conversation we are just thinking about just love of type eros, love as a sort of want that exists between two individuals. Discussion, is an exchange by Plato, about an evening gathering to pay tribute to the tragedian Agathon, after they have completed the process of eating Phaedrus recommends that every individual thus should deliver a discourse about the commendation of divine force of affection. Conference not just gives us hypothesis of Forms in Diotima’s conversation of the Form of Beauty, yet it likewise gives us various differing points of view on adoration. One increasingly significant interesting point is that Diotima isn't known to be an authentic figure, and the manner by which she is presented proposes that she is more likely than not only a scholarly gadget created by Plato to communicate his own thoughts. In this hypothesis, we see Plato dismissing the romanticization of sexual love, esteeming over each of the an agamic and all-devouring energy for knowledge and excellence. Plato plainly respects real physical or sexual contact between darlings as debased and inefficient types of suggestive articulation. Since the genuine objective of eros is genuine magnificence and genuine excellence is the Form of Beauty, what Plato calls Beauty Itself, eros discovers its satisfaction just in Platonic way of thinking. Except if it channels its capacity of affection into â€Å"higher pursuits,† which come full circle in the information on the Form of Beauty, eros is bound to disappointment. Thus, Plato imagines that the vast majority tragically waste the genuine intensity of adoration by constraining themselves to the simple joys of physical excellence. For comprehension of Plato’s depiction of adoration it is essential to right off the bat comprehend his thoughts, about structure of information and his thoughts on appearance and reality . Plato has given purposeful anecdote of the cavern and the line to clarify the distinction among the real world and appearance, through which Plato intends to portray four different ways of reasoning, and he has characterized the structure of information by providing explicit request to these four different ways and information as per Plato is to ascend along this structure. He puts pictures of the items on the most minimal level, above which he puts objects. Over the article is the idea of the item created from the article, which lead to the most elevated and most flawless type of reasoning, ‘pure concept’, idea which is autonomous of the item. Here the initial two degrees of information vary essentially from the last two. Plato contends that one can just have suppositions about the initial two levels (items and pictures), on the grounds that there is no sureness about them. They exist in the truth, so they are liable to change, and this conviction is accomplished in the later of the two levels. As indicated by Plato from the unadulterated idea we can infer the â€Å"form†, which gives us the quintessence. Here one progressively significant thing to acknowledge is that for Plato, we are brought into the world with information, it is only that we have overlooked it, so experiencing this stepping stool to accomplish the structure is simply a method of memory. Love is one of the type of want, where want suggests the absence of something. Love as a word can be utilized in two different ways thing or action word, subsequently it can mean objects of affection or demonstrations of adoration, and keeping in mind that figuring a hypothesis of adoration it is imperative to know which one goes before the other. In Plato’s hypothesis of adoration, it is clear that for Plato love is an article and the demonstrations of the affection are gotten from the objects of affection. These demonstrations ought to be coordinated towards accomplishing of objects of affection. In the wake of having a thought regarding the structure of information for Plato, it is more clear the techniques he embraces to determine the parameters for objects of affection and how to accomplish the type of adoration. In Symposium, Socrates is simply rehashing the record of affection given to him by a lady named Diotima. In this exchange Socrates infers different parameters of adoration through a progression of inquiries, which he asks to Agathon. As referenced before, adoration is a type of want one of the parameter of objects of affection is that it ought to be alluring. Additionally from the contentions among Agthon and Socrates, one can find that being delightful is likewise one of the parameter to turn into an object of affection. Here one significant thing to note is that in the case of something is excellent or not is objective not emotional. Further by the case of riches, wellbeing and quality, Socrates contends that craving the article once, yet in addition the continuation of the allure, is a parameter for the object of adoration. After which Socrates asks Agathon whether great is lovely or not, to which Agathon answers that he can not discredit Socrates, But Socrates answers by contending that Agathon can not disprove reality that is the reason he can not invalidate him. In this manner we can determine that for Socrates , being acceptable is additionally one of the parameter for turning into the object of affection. In the wake of examining the idea of the objects of adoration and furthermore the structure of information, it is more clear how to accomplish the type of affection. To accomplish the genuine romance, initial step is to cherish common pictures and articles, from which one can determine the idea of good magnificence through the experiences with delightful specifics. From the idea of magnificence one can determine the type of excellence or the unceasing excellence, as per Plato valid and unadulterated love is only the type of magnificence. As indicated by him, the individual who has accomplished the type of magnificence will abruptly see a nature of wondrous excellence. In this manner for Plato love is climbing from the points of interest to type of magnificence, which shows that Plato accepts that adoration for objects of affection can not be genuine affection, they are simply intends to accomplish the type of excellence. One can likewise derive from here, that Platonic love works through a norm. In this manner the genuine request of going is to start from the wonders of the common pictures or items and mount upwards for different delights, utilizing these as steps just to go to every single reasonable structure and from reasonable structures to reasonable practices and from reasonable practices to reasonable ideas, until from reasonable thought we show up at the idea of the outright excellence and finally recognize what is the pith of magnificence.

Photo-Scanning Party

Photo-Scanning Party If youre going to ask for one physical gift this year for the holidays, you may want to consider a good photo  scanner. If you’re anything like me, you’ve probably allowed the overstuffed boxes and albums of photos to go unchecked over the years, and now they’re collecting dust in your basement or closetâ€"just sitting there, unused, waiting for “one day” to come. One day: two of the most dangerous words in the English language. I, too, held on to heaps of meaningful photos that added absolutely no value to my life because they were hidden away, and the prospect of dealing with them seemed daunting, overwhelming, not worth the hassle. So I let them sit in the attic, the cupboard, the garage. Then, inspired by Ryan’s Packing Party, I decided to throw a Photo-Scanning Party. (If you put “party” at the end of anything, Ryan will show up.) First, I found a high-quality scanner I could rapidly feed photos and immediately save to a memory card, which I could then use in a few high-res digital picture frames so I could actually display my important photos. Plus, if anything were to happen to my homeâ€"flood, fire, robberyâ€"all my photos are saved and secured online; thus, I’ll never worry about losing those memories. Of course, the memories aren’t in our material possessions, but I discovered a well-curated photo collection triggers all the wonderful memories of yesteryearâ€"without all the physical baggage. Next, to make my “party” a little more funâ€"and less lonelyâ€"I invited a few friends over, ordered food and drinks, and together we thumbed through the photographs of my childhood in all its double-chinned grandeur, scanning my favorites to display. Now, I have one remaining box of photos to scan. Another Scanning Party is in order! Feel free to join me: scan your photos and share your favorites on Twitter or Instagram using our #ScanningParty hashtag. FYI: The above scanner and digital picture frame links are Amazon affiliate links, which means I earn a tiny bit of money, at no additional cost to you, if you click through and buy something. Thats obviously not why Im recommending them; Im recommending them because theyre what I use personally. Theyve added value to my life, and I hope they add value to yours. If I earn enough money to buy a cup of coffee along the way, thats nice, too. That said, if you dont need a scanner or frame, please dont buy them just because I use them. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

A New Forms Of Trans National Management Organization Essay

Multinational companies (MNCs) gradually more control the world’s markets, and are playing an essential role in the globalization of economic movement. In sequence, the need for develop new forms of trans-national management organization is very much necessary where MNCs manage their employees on an international standard and this is viewed as important to the achievement of globalizing strategies (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). A considerable body of literature investigate that transfer of â€Å"best practice† in Multinational Companies have been made, dazzling the importance emotionally concerned to the effective management of people from corner to corner national boundaries for Multinational Companies performance (Hofstede, 1980, 1997; Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989; Adler, 1986; Adler and Ghadar, 1990; Yuen and Kee, 1993; Guest et al., 1996; Ferner, 1997; Edwards and Ferner, 2000). HRM practice from the home country to abroad subsidiary may be hampered by constraints set by the culture and tradition of the host country (Jain et al., 1998). In compare to, home country variation are more likely to create complexity for the â€Å"reverse† distribution of practice back from foreign subsidiaries. For trans-national business organization trying to develop â€Å"global† best practice, national limitations could be resulting from both the home and host country (Ferner, 1997; Edwards, 1998; Edwards and Ferner, 2000; Zhang, 2001). Dissimilarity in national business systems has influence HRM practiceShow MoreRelatedHealthy People 2020 : A National Public Health Program1453 Words   |  6 PagesHealthy People 2020 Healthy People 2020 is a national public health program that aims to increase population health through achieving a series of goals and objectives. 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Executive Summary Cebex is a big Defense Corporation,they manufacture and build high –tech

Consistently, a large amount of young boys and girls sign...

Consistently, a large amount of young boys and girls sign up to play in neighborhood youth games alliances all over the nation. From hockey to Little League Baseball, numerous youth long for one day playing under the lights, in a jam packed stadium, before many shouting fans. This is what many tykes would consider living the â€Å"dream†. Tragically, for most youngsters, that dream will never turn into an actuality. This leaves us to ponder in thought, what is the genuine part of youth games in the public eye? Is it accurate to say that it is just to distinguish the chosen few bound for sports significance and to remove the rest? Then again is there an essential worth for youth in playing games, regardless of the possibility that a kid might†¦show more content†¦Taking an interest in sports is not a magical equation to keep youth out of inconvenience. A grieved kid doesnt just put on football pads and all of a sudden turn into a flawless child. Nonetheless, when he or she participates in a sorted out game, rehearses consistently and figures out how to turn into an essential piece of a group, they are less likely to fall into inconvenience. A kid with a lot of free time on his or her hands might be a formula for catastrophe. At the point when playing an intense game you are obligated to practice. Generally these practices happen 3-5 times each week for 2 hours for every day. This leaves less time accessible for a kid to get into evil. Youth who are completely included in their game, are less intrigued by drinking, medications as well as hazardous sexual practices. Female players are 65% less like to end up being a teenage parent, when they are heavily involved in sports. Sports can give youngsters a feeling of self-esteem and achievement. Numerous youth players light up at the prospect of doing something that profits themselves, their companions and their groups. 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Organisation and Behaviour Free Essays

string(158) " different organisations There are a lot of different leadership types, among them we can find the three major styles: Autocratic, Democratic and Delegative\." Organisations and Behaviour 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture Let us analyse two different kind of organisations: a restaurant and a fast food. Thanks to my work experiences in London I am able to compare both of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation and Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the restaurant there was everything except that a good relationship among the employees and between these and the managers. Everybody was hired through a short interview, without having an induction or a proper training or a briefly introduction of the organisation. It was like everybody was left at their own destiny, so if you had a good skills, determination and you agreed with the treatment that you would have received, you could have gone on and grow in your own, otherwise nobody would have helped you and said how to do things or were to find other things, for example. All these factors did not help to create a real friendship among the employees, and of course, had a huge impact on the motivations of the people, so that was almost impossible to see a work as a team. Instead, in the fast food everything was different. Before to get the job, you have to pass several interviews and attend an induction. Since the beginning you will been told about the company, how it works and the progress that you could do. The first day you start your job on the field, you will have a briefly walk-throw with the manager, outside and inside the shop in order to see and to know where emergency exit and other useful things are situated. Then you will meet all the team, and the trainer, which will follow and help you in every pass. This spirit that you can find will help you feeling part of a team in a very short time and also will motivate you to do your best to succeed with the company. At the end, it is clear how the choice of the restaurant to behave in that way with their employees had had a negative affect into the team, bringing dissatisfaction and laziness, so much so that some employees had left the place. Whereas, in the fast food, the work of the manager and of the employees as well, had helped a lot to create a good atmosphere and a good relationship between each other,so that everybody could be motived and focus on the business. . 2 Explain how the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business A different organisation structure and culture may have relevant influence on the performance of the business. Comparing the 2 work experience that I had, it is clear how the organisation has had an impact on the trend of the business. In the fast food the manager managed to create a real and proper team which met the spirit of structure: a correct division of work between employees and the formal organisational relationship that are created between them. There were the principles of an organisation culture, there was respect between each other, respect for different culture and everybody was behaving in a proper way and always ready to help the others. All these aspects create a perfect harmony inside the team, so that everybody was focus on achieving all the goals and inevitably, it had a strong and good effect on the business performance. In the restaurant instead, nobody knew what â€Å"work as a team† means. The managers did not care about creating a successful team and also among the employees there was not the desire to reach it, so that who needed more help could not develop their skills and could not feel part of the company. Altogether these aspects brought all the motivations of everyone down, so that no one cared about the growth of the company or achieving personal goal, bringing for sure negative influence on the business. 1 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work There are a lot of causes which condition the behaviour of a singular person in a workplace. Factors such as personality, attitude, culture, demographic factors, may influences a lot the people. Let us now examine these factors. Personality-can be seen as one of the most complex aspect of humans beings that influences heavily their behaviour. It is known that character determine the way in which a person behave and response to situations and people. Personality can also be influenced by heredity, family and society. Attitude- can establish the tendency to respond positively or negatively to certain objects, situations or persons. Factors such as family, culture, society and colleagues influence the attitude. The managers in an organisation should know about the possibility aspects of different kind of jobs, in order to help employees to create a positive attitude among them, so that they will be able to work as a team. Culture- differences among cultures are what distinguish one society from another. The capacities, the knowledges, the experiences and the talent of employees are related to the type of culture for which everyone comes from. It is clear that the culture influence the abilities of singular, so that someone who comes from a specific kind of custom can have an easier or more positive impact and also being more suitable for determinate kind of jobs, than someone else who has a different type of culture. Demographic factors- such as background, education, nationality, race, also have an impact on the individual. For example a manager of an organisational will be more talented and confident in hiring persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated and with a young age, as they are believed to be performing better than the others. Also people who are dynamic and with good communication skills have always more chances than the others to be hired. 2. 1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations There are a lot of different leadership types, among them we can find the three major styles: Autocratic, Democratic and Delegative. You read "Organisation and Behaviour" in category "Papers" Autocratic- in this style the leader has total authority and command over decision making. The leaders tell their employees what must be done and how they want it completed, without getting any advice. It is a kind of style typically used when the manager needs to have under control the situation to avoid possible mistakes. It is clear the goal of this leadership: use your knowledge to get the job done, making sure that important things are done correctly and in a short time. 2 Democratic- all the team together can decide what to do and how to do it, even if the manager maintains the final decision. It is commonly used when the leader has part of information, employees have other part, so that they are able to work as a team and know how to manage things. All these factors help a lot to generate a good relationship among the employees and also to create a good atmosphere in which everybody has trust and respect of each other. I can identify all these aspects in my experience at the fast food â€Å"EAT. †, where everybody from the manager to my last colleague has treated me as if I were there since years, helping and giving me advices since the first day. Furthermore, this experience gave me the possibility to develop my abilities and to know how to work as a team; characteristics that I will bring always with me and that will be useful in the future. Delegative- in this styles the employees can make the decision. Even if the manager is still responsible for the decision that are made. It is especially used when the employees can manage the things and are able to understand what needs to be done and how to do it. Can also be used when leader has fully trust and familiarity in the team. 2. 2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management Taking as example the fast food, it is possible to see how the organisation helps the practice of management by motivating individuals and by getting the best from each one. Starting from the induction, where they showed a graphic with all the progress that you could have made until arrive to became a manager within a year, continuing into the shop, it is understandable how they motivated people. As said in the answer above, the manager was using a democratic style, always ready to hear the employees, to allow them to do things in a different way and to help them if it was necessary. Compare with the other types it is possible to say that the manager was even a bit autocratic, sometimes, by giving the input on how that kind of thing had to be done and how much time needed to be done. Also during the busiest time it was necessary being autocratic to not made many mistakes. Instead, comparing with the delegative style, there was not the possibility for some employees to make the decisions, because they were new, without lot of experiences, so that the manager could not have trusted them. 2. 3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisation There are different approaches that can be taken by different organisations. As I have been saying, in the fast food there was an approach which was focus on motivating people and making them feeling part of the company. Obviously these approaches have contributed to get the best from each employee and also have helped them to work hard, with more passion in order to achieve the goals of the organisation and eventually own objectives. All these methods also have contributed to affect people in a positive way, giving them the instruments to grow up and to develop personal skills. Analysing the restaurant instead, it was easily to see in which way they were treating people. It was adopted an autocratic style, where the leaders were giving orders without giving any advices and expecting things to be done in a shorter time than expected. These aspects have contributed not less to affect people in a negative way, deprive of them the enthusiasm to work and the voluntary to achieve something together with the company. This kind of style also have had an huge impact on the motivations of the employees and did not help at all to create a real team. 3 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in period of change It is possible to have different impacts among the organisations in period of change, especially regarding new motivation and different methods on how to explain things. For example in the autocratic style, the leaders may change some rules or may take other positions regarding specific things. It can facilitate or complicate the â€Å"life† of the employees, but the leaders will always have the total control about decision making and the authority to make some transformations or improvements which can change one more time the assets into the employees team. In one hand the changes can of course bring new motivations and new aspirations, but in the other one they can bring dissatisfaction so that the motivations will go down. The democratic type instead, is the more suitable for changes, because the team will decide about that all together with the agreement of the manager, so that everybody can give their own opinion in order to make the bests changes for the company and for the team itself. Thanks to that, all the group can have more motivations or can recover them on the eventuality they had lost them; so that the team can gain more confidence in itself and can aspire to reach new goals. Also the delegative one, can be considered as good as the democratic one in motivations changes. Because the decision of make a change will be taken and will be decided by the team altogether, they will be able to modify the aspect of things where necessary so that they can change the way on how to do or explain them among each other, so that they will have new motivation and new incentives in make the job done. Compare the application of different motivational theories within a workplace There can be different motivational theories within a workplace, such as training people and multitasking. Training people: it works everything around the way the trainers teach you. For example, if they start since the beginning to teach in a determinate way, by showing how to do things in one of the easiest way, smiling and enjoying it at the same time, you will have a positive impression. This positive impression, will give you a different motivation on how to approach things and also will make you feel stronger and having more energies to do that specific thing. Training is the first step that each individual face once they get in a new place. This is why it has an important value and it is fundamental for people tendency. If the trainers will â€Å"fail† the training, the employees will be less motivated and will have a bad tendency at work; whereas if they will training positively, the employees, for sure will have more motivations and they will start the path into the new company with a positive tendency and with more vitality. Multitasking: it is also considered a way to motivate people. An employee which is considered multitasking, has the trust of the manager and also the essential confidence to interact with him/her. Once the leaders will give the employees more things to do at the same time, they will feel really part of the group and they will spend all their own energies to try to make things done properly in a easiest and shortest way, in order to reach their goals. They will be really motivated because they know that if they do not do the right thing, they may lose the trust of the manager or they may disappoint them. 4 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers The motivation theory are really important for the manager because it can help to set up a team. It is very useful for a leader to start with the right step in every circumstance during the process of integration of each individual into the company. It can be thought that the work of a manager is an â€Å"easy job† because gives only instructions and will check once the things are done. Instead it is more important than a job as a trainer or as a simple employee, because they must have the capability to â€Å"build† a team and with it to reach the objectives which are given from person in a higher position than them. If the leader will fail in it, there is the possibility that can be fired, or even worse, that the company can fail without reach the expect goals. Thanks to that the motivations assume a relevant position into a workplace, so that the managers will do all that is into their capability to help the employees and to make their life easier, by giving examples, playing games and teach them by using their experiences. It is with the help of the manager and with the volition of a singular employee that the right motivations can come up so that the job can be finished and the employees can develop and reach the targets of the organisation all ogether as a team. Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations The groups are planned by purpose and created by management as part of the formal organisation structure. There are three different kind of groups: formal groups, virtuoso team and informal groups. Formal groups- are formed as a consequence of the ideal of organisa tion and arrangement for the division of the work. They are created to achieve particular goals and are concerned with the co-ordination of work activities. Individual are brought together on the basis of established roles within the structure of the organisation. Their goals are pointed out by management, and relationships, rules and norms of behaviour established. Formal work groups can be differentiated in a number of ways: the task to be performed, the basis of membership, the nature of technology and position within the organisation structure. Also, they tend to be relatively permanent. Virtuoso team- are formed only for big change in organisations. They are composed of individual virtuosos or superstars with a single clear, ambitious mandate and are not supposed to remain together for different projects. They are rarely created by the organisations. Informal groups- are concentrated more on personal relationship and agreement of group members than on defined role relationship. They serve especially to work and satisfy psychological and social needs, not necessarily related to the tasks to get done. An informal group can be the same or take only a part of the formal group. The informal leader may be chosen as the the individual who is more adapted, who helps to resolve conflict, reflects the attitudes and values of the member, leads the group in satisfying its objects or cooperate with the management or other people outside the group. In rarely case, it is possible for the informal leader to be the same person as the formal leader. Main reason for informal groups: 5 -The perpetuation of the culture; -The communication system; -The implementation of social control and -The provision of interest and fun in work life. 4. 2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations There are several factors which can affect the development of a teamwork in organisations. Factors such as the behaviour, the communications, the group size and the compatibility of members are the most important. Behaviour-it is extremely important for the approach in every organisations. An individual with the right behaviour will integrate itself easily inside the group, will learn and will develop skills as well as grow together with the team. Whereas an individual with an incorrect behaviour will affect negatively the team, bringing inevitably discontent inside the group and eventually frictions which will influence all the work into the team. Communications-are also important and contribute to the success of the group. Communications can be affected by the nature of the task, by the work environment and by technology. For example, difficulties in communication can arise with production system where workers have to stay in a determinate place with limited freedom of movement. Even when there are the opportunities to interact with colleagues, physical condition may limit the communications. Size of the group-there can be problems with communications and co-ordination as the members increase in size. A large group is more difficult to handle and require an high level of supervision. Then when a group becomes too large it may split into smaller units and friction may develop between the sub-groups so that the cohesiveness inevitably becomes more difficult to achieve. Comparing with a small group(less than 5 members) for example, the bigger one will have an higher amount of creativity and variety that can be produced. Compatibility of members-the more the group will share knowledges, backgrounds, interests, attitudes and experiences, the easier it is to achieve cohesiveness. Different personalities or skills of members, may serve to complement each other and help for a cohesive group. However, such differences may be the cause of conflicts and frictions. Conflict can also arise in a homogeneous group where individuals are in competition with each other(ex. Incentive payment schemes). 6 4. 3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation Nowadays the technology is present in every organisations and gives a huge help in making things done faster and in an easier way. It has also an important effect on cohesiveness and relate closely to the nature of the task, physical setting and communications. Evaluating the technologies in the fast food,it is possible to say that they helped a lot, especially during the busiest time. They contributed to make things easier, helping the cohesiveness and the interaction, even when there were problems of understanding between the group. In one hand, have a skill-based technology can increase the percentage of group cohesiveness, in the other one with machine-placed assembly line work it is more difficult to develop wholeness. Bibliography: Business study guide; www. studymode. com 7 How to cite Organisation and Behaviour, Papers

Interlengua Essays - Interlingua, Constructed Languages,

Interlengua annon The dream of Interlingua-a common language that all the people of the world speak-has long existed in many peoples minds. They and their organizations have for many years tried to push this through, but the odds are still against them. The benefits of a common language on the planet are obvious, language barriers would no longer exist, books and newspapers could be printed in a single international edition distributed worldwide. In order to achieve this however there are plenty of obstacles along the way. The first question, which already throws us into a major snag, is which language do we choose? To many of us English is the obvious answer, since its expansion is enormous an it is the closest thing to a common language we have today. But this is where the Interlingua enthusiasts pull the brake saying, no, it must be a new constructed language everyone learns from scratch, because if we use an already existing natural language, all its native speakers would form an elite. The fact that the Interlingua enthusiasts normally excel in the very constructed language they advocate does not seem to strike them as unfair at all. Not that the people of this planet have ever managed to fully agree on anything, but let us just suppose that the world was to reform and decide to teach its citizens an all new language. The nations that would learn it the quickest would of course be the industrialized countries with the resources for good public education, incidentally the very nations that know and are learning, the international business language-English An inevitable fact is that the English language is already in the process of taking over the world through film, TV, popular music not to mention the Internet. Even more important, English being the international business language there is a lot of money invested in it and it therefore has the full support of the commercial industry and right or wrong, money rules this world! Were we still to miraculously manage to teach the whole planet the very same language, another problem would become painfully evident; maintaining it. All languages form local dialects, new words and expressions, especially in isolated and remote communities. Different people have different needs for words dictated by their surroundings and their professions. Based on the need of terminology the everyday vocabulary of a fisherman in the North Atlantic is bound to be quite different from that of a tobacco farmer in Turkey or a hot dog vendor in New York City. It is hardly realistic to think that any organization or international board of language would be able to map, keep track of and set standards for every single entity in the world that someone feels there is a need to have a word for. We have not yet come close to teaching all the people of the world to read and write their own native language that they are exposed to every day. What makes us think that we can teach them an all new language, especially with the economic interests of the world opposing it.